Photophobia

Light sensitivity from migraine, inflammation, or brain issues

Overview

Photophobia is abnormal sensitivity to or intolerance of light, in which ordinary levels of illumination cause discomfort or pain. It is a symptom rather than a disease and has many causes. Migraine is among the most frequent, and light sensitivity is one of its defining features. Ocular causes include corneal abrasions and keratitis, uveitis, dry eye, and conditions in which excess light reaches the retina, such as albinism, aniridia, and a dilated pupil. Neurological causes include meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and concussion, and some medications increase sensitivity to light. Inherited retinal disorders such as achromatopsia and cone dystrophies are characteristically associated with photophobia. The discovery of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells containing the pigment melanopsin helped explain how light signals can reach pain pathways in the brain, even in some people who are blind. Management is directed at the underlying cause, and tinted lenses are used by some people with chronic light sensitivity.