Refractive

Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a refractive error in which light focuses in front of the retina, usually because the eyeball is to...

Hyperopia, or farsightedness, is a refractive error in which light focuses behind the retina because the eye is relatively short o...

Astigmatism is a refractive error in which the cornea or lens is not evenly curved, so light entering the eye is focused different...

Presbyopia is the gradual, age related loss of the ability of the eye to focus on near objects. It results from progressive stiffe...

LASIK, laser assisted in situ keratomileusis, is a refractive surgery procedure that corrects myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism b...

Photorefractive keratectomy, PRK, is a laser refractive surgery in which an excimer laser reshapes the surface of the cornea direc...

SMILE, small incision lenticule extraction, is a laser vision correction procedure in which a femtosecond laser creates a thin len...

An implantable collamer lens is a type of phakic intraocular lens, an artificial lens placed inside the eye while the natural lens...